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AI Guide for Senior Software Engineers

Production ML Systems

Engineering practices for deploying, scaling, and maintaining AI systems in production environments.

ML != Software Engineering

ML systems have unique challenges: data dependencies, model drift, reproducibility, and probabilistic behavior. Production ML requires adapting traditional software engineering practices and adding ML-specific tooling.

MLOps Pipeline

Data Pipeline

  • Collection: Ingestion from multiple sources
  • Validation: Schema validation, data quality checks
  • Processing: Feature engineering, transformation
  • Versioning: Track dataset versions (DVC, lakeFS)

Training Pipeline

  • Experiment tracking: MLflow, Weights & Biases
  • Hyperparameter tuning: Automated search (Optuna, Ray Tune)
  • Distributed training: Multi-GPU/multi-node (Horovod, DeepSpeed)
  • Model registry: Version and store trained models

Deployment Pipeline

  • Serving: REST API, gRPC, batch prediction
  • A/B testing: Gradual rollout, shadow mode
  • Model optimization: Quantization, pruning, distillation
  • Infrastructure: Kubernetes, Docker, serverless

Monitoring & Observability

Model Performance

Track accuracy, latency, throughput

  • Prediction distribution shifts
  • Error rate by segment

Data Drift Detection

Monitor input distribution changes

  • Statistical tests (KS, Chi-squared)
  • Automated retraining triggers

System Health

Standard observability metrics

  • CPU/GPU utilization
  • Memory, latency

Business Metrics

Connect ML to business value

  • Revenue impact
  • User engagement

Serving Patterns

Online/Real-time Serving

Low-latency predictions (TensorFlow Serving, TorchServe, Triton)

Batch Predictions

Scheduled jobs for bulk inference (Spark, Beam)

Edge Deployment

On-device inference (TensorFlow Lite, ONNX Runtime, Core ML)

Key Challenges

  • Reproducibility: Same code, different results due to randomness, hardware differences
  • Technical debt: Hidden feedback loops, data dependencies
  • Concept drift: Performance degrades as data distributions shift over time
  • Scalability: Handling millions of predictions per second
  • Cost optimization: GPU compute is expensive

Key Takeaways

  • ML systems require specialized infrastructure and tooling
  • Monitor model performance, data drift, and system health
  • Automate training, testing, and deployment pipelines
  • Production ML is about much more than just training models